c232.
Seligman (1997), pp 87 and 99–100. His discussion of common law and contract in the English tradition is based on P.S. Atiyah (1979), The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract. For torture, see Thomas Babington Macaulay (1849), The History of England, vol 2, p 600. For the refusal of the judicial system in England to apply torture to extraction from the Templars in 1309–1310, see Karen Ralls (2003), The Templars and the Grail, p 108.