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David Fleming
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M. Shayer and D. Ginsburg, “Thirty Years On—A Larger Anti-Flynn effect? (II): 13- and 14-year-olds. Piagetian tests of formal operations norms 1976–2006/7”, British Journal of Educational Psychology, vol 79, part 3, 2009, pp 409–418. The research was referring to the formal operational stage of cognitive development, when children start to learn how to think abstractly, and to use logic in drawing conclusions—that is, how to process reality and develop judgment. Shayer’s research shows that children’s performance at the lower—“creative operational” stage is actually improved. This stage carries out tasks such as sorting objects, and understanding properties such as size and shape. This classification of cognitive development is based on the work of Jean Piaget, which is surveyed in, for instance, Jean Piaget (1923–1979), The Essential Piaget, edited by Howard E. Gruber and J. Jacques Vonèche. For a press account of Shayer’s findings, see Jessica Shepherd, “Teenagers of yesteryear ‘were brighter’”, The Guardian, 27 October 2008, available at www.theguardian.com/education/2008/oct/27/teenagers-less-bright .

David Fleming
Dr David Fleming (2 January 1940 – 29 November 2010) was a cultural historian and economist, based in London, England. He was among the first to reveal the possibility of peak oil's approach and invented the influential TEQs scheme, designed to address this and climate change. He was also a pioneer of post-growth economics, and a significant figure in the development of the UK Green Party, the Transition Towns movement and the New Economics Foundation, as well as a Chairman of the Soil Association. His wide-ranging independent analysis culminated in two critically acclaimed books, 'Lean Logic' and 'Surviving the Future', published posthumously in 2016. These in turn inspired the 2020 launches of both BAFTA-winning director Peter Armstrong's feature film about Fleming's perspective and legacy - 'The Sequel: What Will Follow Our Troubled Civilisation?' - and Sterling College's unique 'Surviving the Future: Conversations for Our Time' online courses. For more information on all of the above, including Lean Logic, click the little globe below!

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