s180.
Nicholas Carr (2010), The Shallows. For suggested reading on systems, see Fritjof Capra (1996), The Web of Life (the science of systems and ecology); Peter B. Checkland (1981), Systems Thinking, Foundation texts include Norbert Wiener (1948), Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (ambitious, historical reading); Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1968), General System Theory; and Paul A. Weiss (1971), Hierarchically Organised Systems in Theory and Practice. Jay Wright Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics developed a systems thinking approach which he applied in (1970), Urban Dynamics, and which provided the basis for Meadows et al. (1972), The Limits to Growth. A survey of the present state and possible future developments in systems thinking is in Jamshid Gharajedaghi (1999), Systems Thinking: Managing Chaos and Complexity. Systems Practice (a core text, including a rich literature review up to 1999); Anthony M.H. Clayton and Nicholas J. Radcliffe (1996), Sustainability: A Systems Approach (a comprehensive text on systems and the ecosystem). Edward Goldsmith (1992), The Way (a profound application of systems thinking to ecology); Joseph O’Connor and Ian McDermott (1997), The Art of Systems Thinking (an engaging beginners’ guide); Peter M. Senge (1990), The Fifth Discipline (a brilliantly readable guide to systems thinking in management); Dennis Sherwood (2002), Seeing the Forest for the Trees: A Manager’s Guide to Applying Systems Thinking (develops Senge’s work on causal loops); Brian Walker and David Salt (2006), Resilience Thinking (an excellent summary, with many examples, seeing systems from the perspective of resilience).