c193.
The main source for this is Rosabeth Moss Kanter (1972), Commitment and Community, which describes, and puts into perspective, two centuries of community history up to 1970; Kanter outlines the first three phases on pp 1–31 (especially p 8), and sets out a summary timeline on pp 246–248. Regarding the terminal date for the Shakers, in 2010 there remained three elderly members in the last community at Sabbathday Lake in Maine, but the community—which does not permit sexual relations—was condemned to extinction by the United States legislation of 1960 which forbade adoption of children by religious groups.